International Market Entry and Development Essay - 6

Worldwide Market Entry and Development - Essay Example ct explores all inclusive to perceive the worldwide and territorial fragments of the market and to watch chance for joining and better synchronizing the methodologies over the national fringes. Notwithstanding this fast assortment of data and definition of results from geologically thought sources become critical to anticipate change in the market and build up a progressively point by point and valuable reaction methodologies (Carman, J. M, 1980). Mechanical advances both encourage just as cause more challenges in social affair information on worldwide premise. The advances and consistently expanding innovative complexities permits the assortment of information on a more extensive geological scale. However the other side of this advances ought to never be disregarded. To cook the exploration needs of today’s world, one must inspect the progressions under which they have experienced over the most recent four decades. In the mid 60s and 70s U.S firms chose to move to the worldwide markets from the residential markets. Japan and Europe likewise extended from the household markets to the global markets to augment their geological range and to act accordingly of the outside rivalries that was entering their local markets. At first firms were intrigued more with regards to social event data to find and judge the market chances of different nations to survey which markets ought to be focused, on the best way to do the situatin g of the items and the amount to adjust the promoting blend to the nearby markets (Carman, J. M, 1980) The adjustments in the worldwide market alongside the mechanical changes in the assortment of information, its examination and its conveyance involve that the explores ought to widen their range to plan, actualize and to execute the exploration in this serious world. Specialists need to adjust their aptitudes and abilities so as to convey and design the investigates in this serious world (Carman, J. M, 1980) The development of retailers all around likewise help showcasing research. As their chains

Zohal Faqeeri Krista Ferguson free essay sample

It just took around four sections in to be snared on this story; it just took four passages to begin relating it to my life and basic encounters. She Had Some Horses: The Education of a Poet was an exceptionally ground-breaking story. It was an extraordinary case of needing to stick out and attempting to make sense of why that was not a typical thing in Sherman Alexies’ culture. I trust Sherman Alexie composed this story to give all of us how writing transformed him and his was of reasoning. He generally had, from the earliest starting point, interests. He was consistently inquisitive concerning why there were no Indian essayists in the books he read. The entirety of his inquiries drove him to finding numerous answers. His perspective made him totally different from the others. He saw things that numerous others didn't. I figure he may have been somewhat humiliated of being an Indian. We will compose a custom paper test on Zohal Faqeeri Krista Ferguson or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In any case, through composition and verse, he started to learn things about himself. He discovered that he was in reality a phenomenal essayist and writer. It appeared as though one of his fundamental objectives after he began composing more likely than not been to change people’s minds about what their picture of a â€Å"Indian† is. â€Å"It was consistently about Plains, Indians, or the Navahos (42). † In this piece of the story he said that the books they were alloted to peruse at school about Indians were composed by non-Indians and had a sort Faqeeri 2 of ‘stereotypical’ perspective on Indians. He didn’t very like the possibility of everybody having a specific picture of his kin. That was an extraordinary piece of the story since I originate from a spot not quite the same as for the most part everybody I meet. Individuals consistently express separating comments to me climate it’s kidding or not, it’s upsetting. He got a major increase in certainty from Joy Harjo, an Indian essayist and writer. He discovered her composing exceptionally moving and it caused him to accept that he as well, can be an author and an artist. This story was a bit of composing that I could truly relate as well. At the point when he said he was in school and had no clue what to become, felt like those my own words and feeling. This is a man who developed constantly himself as an essayist and an individual.

New This Week Division as Sharing, A Comprehensive Lesson Plan - TeacherVision

New This Week Division as Sharing, A Comprehensive Lesson Plan - TeacherVision This week, TeacherVision Advisory board member, Tara, shares a new lesson for teaching students division. She includes everything you need to teach this in your classroom tomorrow. All you have to do is print! by Tara Dusko Julie Mason, Head of Content and Curriculum, here.  One of my goals for TeacherVision is that we bring you new and comprehensive resources for your classrooms. This week, TeacherVision advisory board member, Tara, has created a new Math lesson that is an introduction to division. This lesson contains everything that you need to introduce division to your students. All you need to do is download, and print. Find the full resource here. The resource includes the following elements: Lesson Plan (so you have materials, procedures and everything you need to do what you do best, teach) Learning Targets (so students know the expectations and you have clearly identified what students should be able to do by completing this lesson) Standards (so you can align your instruction) Assessment (to check for understanding, so you can plan your next instructional move) Extension (for those students who finish early or need a challenge) Learning Targets: Students will model division by sharing items. Students will write division number sentences. Teaching Tip: Consider giving students a pre-assessment before you teach the lesson. This will help you identify what students already know about division, and what they need to be taught. The data from your pre-assessment can also help you if you plan to group students based on ability. Here is a worksheet you can print and use. Teaching Tip: It can be helpful to provide students with a strategy for checking their own understanding. Consider using a self-assessment scale in order to support students to think about how it is going. Here is one to try.   How do you teach division? Share with us on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest. Author Bio Tara Dusko is a third grade teacher in Sinking Spring, Pennsylvania. She's spent the past 14 years finding engaging ways to make her students love learning. When she's not planning lessons for her classroom, she is spending time with her husband and two children or trying out new recipes in the kitchen. Get some tips for reducing the stressfulness of teaching on her blog,  www.teachwithouttears.com.

Fight Club Conformity Analysis - 1695 Words

Conformity Conformity is a major theme in Fight Club, and there are a number of specific scenes that display the rejection of it and characters falling victim to it, sometimes unbeknownst to them. The Narrator, our main character, is a complex individual. He fits into almost every textbook example of social psychology. He is a complete nutcase. In fact, he is so incredibly insane, that he creates an imaginary friend with whom he transforms himself into a different person, free from the bonds of society, free from conformity, free to change the way he lives. Or does he? The film starts off with the Narrator losing sleep, for what reason we aren’t sure. He then proceeds to tell us how he lived his life. He works a 9 to 5 job in a cubicle†¦show more content†¦Are they rejecting social norms as well? Or has this fight club in turn become the norm, and therefore members are joining it to fit in? Perhaps it is a case of minority influence, when a few influence the many. T yler and the Narrator have held the same viewpoint for a while now, months even, that they do not care about clever art or Swedish furniture, and they are comfortable admitting that they have scars from fighting. With this unwavering view, others start to take notice, and even begin to respect their ideology. They join fight club to become loyal members. After a while, Tyler decides that they have to expand or â€Å"move out of the basement,† and hence creates Project Mayhem. People do not always cave into peer pressure. If that is true, then when do we break? When do we give in and conform? According to Bibb Penis Latanà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s social impact theory, it all depends on three specific factors: strength, how important the group is to you; immediacy, how close the group is to you in space and time; and the number of people in the group. The last factor operates differently than you might think however—the larger a group is, the less each additional person has an infl uence on others. Ever since starting the first fight club, Norton’s character has garnered such a reputation that he has gained a following. People start showing up on his doorstep,Show MoreRelatedFight Club Consumerism Analysis1121 Words   |  5 PagesDavid Fincher’s Fight Club is praised by fans and critics alike as one of the most impactful representation of society in film. The film follows Jack, the narrator and main character, as he teams up with a newfound acquaintance named Tyler Durden to form an underground fight club for men who are bored of their mundane lives(Fincher 1999). As Durden becomes more of a dominant personality, Fight Club evolves to Project Mayhem, multi-celled secret society of oppressed gray-collar workers whose purposeRead MoreEssay on Social Psychology in Fight Club1687 Words   |  7 PagesDeinviduation and Attraction in Fight Club Fight Club is a complex movie in that the two main characters are just two sides of the same person. Edward Norton’s character is the prototypical conformist consumer working a morally questionable office job to feed his obsession with material possessions. He works as a recall coordinator for a â€Å"major car company† and applies a formula based on profitability, rather than safety, to determine the necessity of a recall. Though never explicitly stated, heRead MoreThe Use Of Ecstasy And Its Effects On Society1657 Words   |  7 Pagesa drug that releases copious amounts of serotonin and dopamine is commonly referred to as ecstasy. With a scientific name of 3,4-Methylenedioxy-Methamphetamine (MDMA), ecstasy is an illicit substance that is commonly used at some parties and dance clubs all around the globe. The immediate effects of the drug cause one’s blood pressure and heart rate to rise to extremely dangerous levels, resulting in a realistic possibility of de ath. Aside from these catastrophic, biological risks, this drug alsoRead MoreFilm Analysis Of The Help 1474 Words   |  6 PagesFilm Analysis Psychology 280 Film Analysis of The Help Based off of Kathryn Stockett’s 2009 novel, The Help is a movie told from an African American’s point of view during the early 1960’s in Jackson, Mississippi. The three main characters include, Aibileen Clark, Minny Jackson, and Eugenia (Skeeter) Phelan. Skeeter is a young writer who has recently returned from the University of Mississippi. She has been advised by the Elaine Stein, who is the editor at Harper Row, to write about a topic sheRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of The United States1914 Words   |  8 Pagesrevoked or decreased. Because the stress of the system is more skewed to obtaining the goal and less towards following accepted institutionalized means, there are five different ways which people adapt to this system- conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion. Conformity is when people follow both the goals and the means, ex: people who work 40 hours a week to make money. Innovation is when people follow the goals but reject the means, ex: people who make money through drug dealingRead MoreFight Club: The Id, the Ego, and the Super-Ego Essay3982 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction Chuck Palahniuk’s Fight Club and David Fincher’s filmed adaptation are, at their heart, studies in the incessant search of one’s identity, intrinsic alienation within the inner fight to discover one’s self, to conform to popular consumerism, ultimately, the destruction of said consumerism. Not a single scene of Fincher’s adaptation is void of a cup of coffee, presumably, the ubiquitous Starbuck’s brand. (Widmyer) Few mass marketed products scream societal conformation more than Starbuck’sRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Control Theory1668 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction History Socialization is the relationship people have to important social processes, which includes education, family and peer relations (Siegel, 2015). Proper socialization leads to conformity, while improper socialization leads to nonconformity. Both theories are traced from the Sociological Criminology. Sociological Criminology was developed by Emile Durkheim in which he thought crime had a relation to social and environmental factors. According to Siegel (2105), â€Å"DurkheimRead MoreRed Bull3982 Words   |  16 Pagescustomers that were targeted by Red Bull were the ones that were  LOOKING FOR  excitement, alertness, and concentration depending on the age, status, and lifestyle. Four consumer categories were Red Bull’s target under the age of 16-30: students, club people, sport people, and employees. College students were the main target of Red Bull. Since college students look for something that would enhance their concentration on doing their assignments and projects, and staying overnight for studyingRead MoreThe Marketing Research of Brainquiry33782 Words   |  136 Pagesselling or promotion. The folder titled New York on the CD contains all information needed to conduct any of the things mentioned above. There is also an ample sports breakdown for the golf professionals. This is not a sample but all the private golf clubs and the golf associations that could be used for promotional needs as well as selling. All the information needed for this is found in the excel file in the New York folder titled New York Research. All promotional information is mentioned in theRead MoreThe White Man s Burden10652 Words   |  43 Pagesfirst meeting between Dr Aziz and Mrs. Moore. The incident takes place in front of a club whereas Mrs. Moore entered the English club, the Educated Indian Dr Aziz who has been graduated from an English University, is prohibited from entering a British club for he has been portrayed as an indigenous individual in the subordinating discourse of Oriental discourse and thus a sympathetic character. Moreover, the club windows are also shut to prevent their Indian servants from looking inside. Said states

Someone Knows My Name by Lawrence Hill Free Essay Example, 750 words

ï » ¿Someone Knows My Name by Lawrence Hill Racial inequality has been one of the most discussed topics in the American society for years. Thanks to successes of the U. S. abolitionist movement in the 19th century and African-American Civil Rights Movement in 1950-1960s, the racial issue got gradually resolved. Formally, inequality segregation ceased to exist in 1960s. Yet, the echo of discriminative racial policies of the past is still heard today. Strong anti-slavery and anti-discrimination themes of the historical novel Someone Knows My Name by Lawrence Hill relate to the existing racial controversy in the American society today discussed by Desmond S. King and Rogers M. Smith in the article â€Å"On Race, the Silence Is Bipartisan†. In Someone Knows My Name, the problem of racial discrimination and inequality is highlighted through the lens of Aminata Diallo, a former slave who got liberated by the British during the War for Independence. Diallo’s enlightening account that dates back to the early 1800s takes readers to the time of the African slave trade known for its brutality and abysmal conditions. We will write a custom essay sample on Someone Knows My Name by Lawrence Hill or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Her message is no matter what race you are or what you eat, you share the same unique thing known as human nature. Given this, savagery and violence that filled the life of enslaved African-Americans need to be eradicated and should be never practiced again. To illustrate, Diallo’s thoughts of the black people’s powerless position due to the racial inequality policies are enhanced by an episode from her past: I was walking one day behind a yoked man who swerved without warning to the left. I had no time to react, and my foot sank into something wet and soft. Something like a twig cracked under my heel. I let out a scream. Under my foot was the body of a naked, decomposing man. I jumped away and ripped leaves from the nearest branch. In a frenzy, I wiped a mass of wriggling white worms from my ankle. I was shaking and wheezing. Fanta took the leaves and wiped my foot and held me and told me not to be afraid. But my hysteria escalated, even though Fanta barked at me to calm down, and I could not stop screaming. (Hill 41). The theme of racial inequality has been the focal message of â€Å"On Race, the Silence Is Bipartisan† by Desmond S. King and Rogers M. Smith. Specifically, the economic aspect of racial inequality has been discussed. The professors challenge the generally held view that racial issues have already been resolved and speak of the existing economic inequality between white and black, as well as Latino population in the United States. For instance, it is said that â€Å"in 2009, 35 percent of black households and 31 percent of Latino households had zero or negative wealth, compared with 15 percent of white households. † (King and Smith 1). The authors believe that this striking difference can be explained by the lack of â€Å"compromise policies† that address the needs of non-whites above all (King and Smith 2). Discussing the thematic connection between the mentioned works, one should mention the racial inequality point. Yet, the latter is represented differently. Hill’s account of racial discrimination at the end of 18th century unveils harsh violation of black people’s civil rights in each sphere of everyday life, while The New York Times article reveals economic differences between two racial groups that is interpreted as a manifestation of racial inequality. To illustrate, in Diallo’s time African Americans were perceived rather as animals, not human beings, and treated accordingly. On the contrary, â€Å"in a country where an African-American is the president† professors King and Smith identify the violation of economic rights in the first place (King and Smith 1). In other words, racial discrimination in the modern American society can be found in the figures of statistical estimates that explore the economic status of every social group, not in open vio lations of black people’s human rights. To conclude, things described in Lawrence Hill’s novel Someone Knows My Name connect to the events in the American society today through the racial inequality point. At the same time, the points discussed in the two works appear more different than alike: Hill’s description of black people’s powerless position focuses on the open violations of their human and civil rights, while King and Smith identify a lower economic status of the black population in general. Works Cited Hill, Lawrence. Someone Knows My Name. HarperCollins Publishers Australia, 2009. Print. King, Desmond and Rogers Smith. â€Å"On Race, the Silence Is Bipartisan†. The New York Times. The New York Times, September 2, 2011. Web. September 10, 2011.

Environment and crime Free Essays

The term â€Å"environment† is roughly associated with the immediate surrounding such as the aquatic environment which is the surrounding area or region proximal to aquatic flora and fauna. Oftentimes, the concept of an environment is the agglomeration of both living and nonliving entities with respect to a certain subject surrounded by the immediate surroundings. For instance, a student’s environment can be that of a learning institution such as a university whereby the ‘academic’ environment is composed of other students, teachers, books and libraries, classrooms and many others. We will write a custom essay sample on Environment and crime or any similar topic only for you Order Now It can be observed that one’s environment is a direct correlate to one’s activities. If this is indeed the case, it would seem quite plausible to assume that, in terms of an individual’s criminal activity, the neighborhood environment is a leading correlate of crime. Granted that this is true, why is it that a large majority of those who live in even the most crime ridden and impoverished areas refrain from committing crime? To answer this question, a few things must be taken into consideration. First, logic tells us that an individual wanting to commit the crime of robbery for the purpose of stealing the most valuables will most likely rob, say, a wealthy businessman rather than a beggar. In a larger scale, it is logical to presume that a criminal residing in an impoverished and crime ridden locality will least likely rob the residents of the area primarily because there is little reward for a highly punishable act. That is, a criminal will be attracted to steal from individuals with a higher or with the most resources. Hence, one cannot easily identify criminal activity by individuals in the most impoverished and crime ridden areas. Yet the non-identification of criminal activity in an environment does not lead to the presumption that there is none. In order to have a compelling reason to further believe that a large majority of people living in the most ‘criminalized’ areas refrain from committing crime, another factor must be considered. This leads us to the second logical presumption—the tendency to attribute certain activities to certain individuals.   Criminal activities are easily identified with criminals in the sense that when an armed robbery occurred in a certain city bank, the immediate suspect will be the criminals who are known to rob banks or who have previous records of armed bank robbery. In this sense, the most crime ridden locality will be included in the list of the ‘hideouts’ of potential suspects apparently after each criminal activity is identified to have transpired somewhere else. Hence, there becomes the tendency to attribute certain activities to certain individuals. With this in mind, individuals living in the most crime ridden are prone to be prime candidates for suspects in criminal activities. Their response may be twofold: either they will live up to their ‘label’ since they are already ‘branded’ or they will seek to refrain from committing crime. The first option is indeed probable, yet one factor hinders it from turning into reality: their incapacity to overpower the law due to their impoverished state. Given the fact that these individuals live in a state where there are scarce resources to sustain themselves, there is little reason to believe that these impoverished individuals have the capability to overpower law enforcers through, say, stealing from a well-guarded urban mall. With sanctions imposable on criminals, risking one’s impoverished life for a momentary sustenance which has a miniscule chance from succeeding is simply not an option. Hence, a large majority of individuals living in the most crime ridden and impoverished areas refrain from committing crime especially from within their financially challenged locality for the reason that the gains are doubly scarce and that the risks have negligible worth. Reference Samaha, J. (2007). Criminal Law (9th ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company. How to cite Environment and crime, Papers

Marketing Management for Fundamental Goal - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Management for Fundamental Corporate Goal. Answer: Introduction Woolworths is a prominent Australian retailer. It basically delivers all types of grocery stuffs and have also started selling magazines, dvds and various stationery items. The fundamental corporate goal of the company is achieving justifiable competition with other companies and increasing the sale. Various moves are taken by Woolworths to introduce new services so that success is attained. Few strategies like introducing trading card to attract large market for sale was adopted.(Sundaram Inkpen, 2014). Advertisements of petrol and promoting the grocery discounts and other label products had a positive impact on sales.Thus for betterment of the company a good marketing plan need to be selected for selling more products (Schwartz, 2010). Corporate objective Corporate objective relates the entire business, and is set by every company to set detailed objective which tends to focus on the performance of the company. Corporate objective focuses on the whole result rather than single objective. It is very important to create unity between the companies business and employee. An Australian company Woolworths defines the realistic goal that influences strategically decisions (Ranadheera, et. al, 2013). These objectives target the future of companys growth and access the success of the company for betterment. Corporate objectives are designed to enhance the performance of the company by planning in a right direction. Woolworths has a clear objective that helps in knowing abusiness missionin terms of its benefits and economic value. It measures the overall performance of the business in terms of shareholders to check their stability. This also involves monitoring of the objectives designed by the company (Arli, et. al, 2013). Woolworths is one of the largest retail companies whose corporate objective is to deliver customers an excellent shopping experience every time. It is planning to offer high quality of services and product at nominal price. The objective of Woolworth is to improve the food products by making it more nutritious. It also focuses on environmental needs and looks for growth in social development sector. The overall motive of Woolworth is to maximize the profit by increasing the sales revenue (Sheth Sisodia, 2015). This can be achieved by maximizing the sale of the compan y which will help in business growth and support longer business survival in the market. Marketing Orientation Concept: Woolworth Woolworth has major objective that customer's choose them over other companies. Thus various marketing plans are used for building customers and maintaining the momentum of sale in food and now Woolworth have started drinks so that more value is served to customers. They have designed various strategies to empower shareholder value, by using end-to-end retail process and systems excellence. This can be done by building a great retail plan (Ozkaya, et. al, 2015). A good retail plan is designed in such a way that it listens to customers and supplies voice, so that the feedback from customers is used to improve the customers experience by creating new and innovative ways. Marketing concept Marketing concept is used whenever Woolworth decides to launch a new product in the market. New product can be a modification of an old product or any entirely new product. The marketing plan used by Woolworth is: First of all it summarises the key factor about the product like its ownership, profitability, and share price and so on. Then a marketing segment is chosen for sale of the product. By analysingthe environment in a detailed manner, so that positive outcome is received from new product. Target customers are selected by outline marketing mix strategy. Market orientation used by Woolworth involves monitoring the actions taken by Competitors Company. To attain good success, understanding the competitors plans and goals is important. Promotion is one of the key factors used by Woolworths, as it contributes in reaching to wider audience in short span of time. The branding of new products is promoted by launching loyalty programs, to reach to the customers (Terho, Eggert, Haas Ulaga, 2015). Woolworths have also stared Loyalty Schemes for customers which offer special discounts. The perceptive of Woolworth is to reach to larger audience therefore for better marketing it uses digital marketing. It helps in reaching every type of target audience, which in turn aimed to spread awareness of the service everywhere by using newsletter and magazines. Apart from promoting their products, they offer gift cards and additional benefits to attract customers and making the customers stable. Selling Concept Selecting a selling method for product is considered as a success factor for the business. For making more sales in the company an effective method is used. Woolworth uses the concept of customer intelligence. It monitors all the government regulations, technology used by competitor and knowing about the future needs. Formal and Informal procedures are used by the company for selling a product. Market is analysed as per the needs then an appropriate technique is selected. Majorly the products are sold through offline as well as online stores (Tu, Tung Goes, 2017). Online stores are beneficial as it target larger audience and responsive actions are taken in response to market intelligence. Responsive actions take the form of selecting an appropriate target section and designing the products or services that accommodate market needs. Other than these promoting programs are launched by Woolworth and direct Emails are also sent to customers. Emails are helpful as whenever some discounts or special offers arise, Woolworth sent the emails to customers regarding the special offers thus building a customer relation. Referrals are also used by Woolworth and are considered as a good way for selling products and helps in bringing regular business to the company. It is true selling of a product is directly related to customer satisfaction. Once the customer is satisfied with the product, they will automatically come for the next time. Selling concept used by the company is focusing on how to reach the audience. This is achieved by social media channels as it is easy and touches every door of target users. Thus for selling the product, social media marketing act as a crucial point in the growth and making profit. It helps in reaching the customer faster and in a cost effective manner. Social media marketing is overwhelming as it reaches to large users in minimum time independently (Tedlow Jones, 2014). Thus Woolworths has expanded globally and has covered every area on the globe due to social media. Thus the business is expanded by engaging more customers and promoting the products effectively. Additionally Woolworth also uses feedback method so that products are improved and sold. Marketing Strategy Used by Woolworths There are two types of marketing strategy business to business (B2B) marketing or Business to consumer (B2C) marketing. Woolworth uses Business to consumer marketing which includes various approaches like advertisement which helps in linking the services and products with the customers, which helps in building relation with the customers. And it focuses on bundle selling rather than selling a single product. Marketing strategy used by Woolworths is diversification that is making all kind of products available. Especially in the food and drinks store it sells all kind of products so that customers do not visit any other store. It provides special discount offers as well as combo options so that customers experience a good shopping practice. It also provides reward points to the user so that they shop for the next time also. It focuses on product development to increase the sale and bring new customers to the business. Introducing new product and service helps in increasing market share and improve customer loyalty (Tedlow Jones, 2014). Woolworth follows promotion for selling products by first defining the target population and uses mass marketing strategy to drive large audience in order to increase the sell. Thus mass marketing can be done by online marketing which helps in propagating new products via internet to get more customers attention. It is the best method to drive customers at tention by using online marketing tactics. Advantage- It helps in reaching to wider audience which is associated with higher output. Thus improves the business profit by boosting the sale as it target vast and different market. Disadvantage- It is not a cost effective approach and money could be wasted if wrong audience is targeted. It also requires investment of time and before marketing it is important to segment the customers into groups. This strategy is beneficial for Woolworth to fulfil the objective by delivering new products and deliver better experience to the customers. This is a simple method which helps in improving the sourcing capabilities. This method helps the company to penetrate new customers and provide the services in multiple locations. It focuses on reducing the cost of products so that Woolworths take an advantage of producing more products and selling them at economical price. Offering the products at affordable price helps in getting more customers to the company. References Arli, V., Dylke, S., Burgess, R., Campus, R., Soldo, E. (2013). Woolworths Australia and Walmart US: Best practices in supply chain collaboration.Journal of Economics, Business Accountancy Ventura,16(1). Ozkaya, H. E., Droge, C., Hult, G. T. M., Calantone, R., Ozkaya, E. (2015). Market orientation, knowledge competence, and innovation.International Journal of Research in Marketing,32(3), 309-318. Ranadheera, C. S., Evans, C. A., Adams, M. C., Baines, S. K. (2013). Production of probiotic ice cream from goat's milk and effect of packaging materials on product quality.Small Ruminant Research,112(1), 174-180. Schwartz, D. E. (2010). Defining the Corporate Objective: Section 2.01 of the ALI's Principles.Geo. Wash. L. Rev.,52, 511. Sheth, J. N., Sisodia, R. S. (2015).Does marketing need reform?: Fresh perspectives on the future. Routledge. Sundaram, A. K., Inkpen, A. C. (2014). The corporate objective revisited.Organization science,15(3), 350-363. Tedlow, R. S., Jones, G. G. (Eds.). (2014).The Rise and Fall of Mass Marketing (RLE Marketing)(Vol. 25). Routledge. Terho, H., Eggert, A., Haas, A., Ulaga, W. (2015). How sales strategy translates into performance: The role of salesperson customer orientation and value-based selling.Industrial Marketing Management,45, 12-21. Tu, Y., Tung, Y. A., Goes, P. (2017). Online auction segmentation and effective selling strategy: Trust and information asymmetry perspectives.Journal of Electronic Commerce R

Why Nuclear Fusion Is So Cool....... For A Fusion Reaction To Take Pla

Why nuclear fusion is so cool....... For a fusion reaction to take place, the nuclei, which are positively charged, must have enough kinetic energy to overcome their electrostatic force of repulsion. This can occur either when one nucleus is accelerated to high energies by an accelerating device, or when the energies of both nuclei are raised by the application of very high temperature. The latter method, referred to the application of thermonuclear fusion, is the source of a lot of really cool energy. Enough energy is produced in thermonuclear fusion to suck the paint of 1 city block of houses and give all of the residents permanent orange Afros. The sun is a example of thermonuclear fusion in nature. If I was a atom, I could only wish to be in a thermonuclear reaction. Thermonuclear reactions occur when a proton is accelerated and collides with another proton and then the two protons fuse, forming a deuterium nucleus which has a proton, neutrino and lots of energy. I have no idea what a deuterium nucleus is, but is must be 10 times cooler than just a regular nucleus. Such a reaction is not self sustaining because the released energy is not readily imparted to other nuclei. thermonuclear fusion of deuterium and tritium will produce a helium nucleus and an energetic neutron that can help sustain further fusion. This is the basic principal of the hydrogen bomb which employs a brief, controlled thermonuclear fusion reaction. This was also how the car in the Back to the Future movie worked. It had a much more sophisticated system of producing a fusion reaction from things like, old coffee grounds, bananas, and old beer cans. Thermonuclear reactions depend on high energies, and the possibility of a low-temperature nuclear fusion has generally been discounted. Little does the scientific community know about my experiments. I have produced cold fusion in my basement with things like: stale bread, milk, peanut butter and flat Pepsi. I have been able to produce a ten -megaton reaction which as little as a saltine cracker and some grass clippings. But enough about my discoveries. Early in 1989 two electrochemists startled the scientific world by claiming to achieve a room-temperature fusion in a simple laboratory. They had little proof to back up their discovery, and were not credited with their so-called accomplishment. The two scientists were Stanley Pons of the university of Utah and Martin Fleischmann of the University of Southampton in England. They described their experiment as involving platinum electrodes an electrochemical cell in which palladium and platinum were immersed in heavy water. These two losers said that the cell produced more heat than could be accounted for. Yeah right!! The week before I was talking to both men on the phone and I told them about all of the cool things you could do with platinum. I said "Now Martin, what you need to do is get your hands on some platinum and some heavy Mexican drinking water. The amount of ch emicals in the Mexican drinking water is sure to cause a violent reaction with the platinum electrodes and produce lots of energy. I have been doing this sort of things in my basement for years." When I told him that though that NASA could power their shuttles with this sort of a reaction, he nearly wet his pants. Now as usual, I received no credit for MY discovery, but that is ok..I have grown used to it. I taught Einstein, Newton, and Ron Popeel (inventor of things like the pasto-matic, hair-in-a-can, and the pocket fisherman) everything they know. Besides, the two shmucks didn't even follow my instructions for the experiment. However, until I reveal my secrets about cold fusion, it will remain only a proposed theory. nuclear fusion is also what powers the rest of the stars in the solar system. Stars carry out fusion in a thermonuclear manner. Thermonuclear is a really cool word which I am going to use several more times just because it is so cool. In a thermonuclear reaction mat ter is forced to exist in only in a plasma state, consisting of electrons, positive ions and very few neutral atoms. Fusion reactions that occur within a plasma

History of American Television Essay Sample

History of American Television Essay Sample History of American Television Reflection Essay Example History of American Television Reflection Essay Example Historical Development of the Medium Television was invented in the twentieth century. Nowadays, it occupies a great part of American culture. As for me, now I am sixty years old and from my childhood a lot of things have changed on television. But the one thing is the most important for me. In the late 1950th and the beginning of 1960th, television at home was not such an ordinary thing as it is nowadays. Description of concrete experience: When I was a child, our family did not have it. Newspapers were the main source of information for my parents. Once, my father brought home a big box. It was Christmas time, and all my family members were very curious about the box and its contents. When my father finally opened it, everybody was shocked and happy. There was TV in the box. That time I was 8. I heard a lot about television before. Our neighbors had one and it was a great joy for me to have a TV. In such a way, it was a time when the history of American television started for me. Later, the 1960th became the years of discovering television for me. A lot of things were happening in the world, and television was the main source of information about them. In the 1970th, television was quite popular. News programs became an influential matter. The 1980th became the years of many key world events that were observed on television. In the 1990th and 2000th, the television continued to develop. Reflections: I understood that it was quite difficult for my father to make such a gift. My family was not rich, but my father loved us so much that he had been saving money for a long time to make such a surprise for us. From this experience, I have learned a lot about family relationships. Generalizations, principles and theories: Family values are very important in a person`s life. Everybody should esteem and support a family unit. It is not easy for people to live together. A person has to work hard to have a good family and be happy with it. All problems can be solved with good attitude. Testing and application: Many times in my adult life I recollected the described situation and lesson that I have learned from it. I will never forget that Christmas present from my father. I always try to do the best for my family and teach my children to do the same. Now I have a good family with its values and traditions. Role of the Medium as an Expression of the Storytelling Tradition Description of concrete experience: Television is a great invention of the humanity. There are many entertainment programs such as talk shows, series shows, movies, and so on. On the other hand, for me television means the source of information. Due to television, American people have got the possibility to learn about the most important events from all over the world. It gives people a huge opportunity to be informed and developed intellectually. For me, the first strong impression from television was the coverage of the assassination of President Kennedy in 1963. It was a huge tragedy for the American nation. Summer 1972 Olympic Games were also covered by television. I liked to watch sports competitions, especially swimming. At the same time, I was shocked about the taking Israeli athletes into hostage and then killing them. It was significant and cruel event that was covered by television live. The failed attempt to kill the President Ronald Reagan in 1981 also was also covered by television. Other breaking news I l earnt from television and the one that influenced me much was the suppression of protests in Beijing`s Tiananmen Square in 1989. On the one hand, I saw the longing of people for freedom. On the other hand, I saw a great violence of government striving to put an end to this longing. In 1989, due to the existence of television I watched the fall of the Berlin wall. The symbol of epoch and communism had fallen. It was a great event for Germans and other nations all over the world. The country had been separated into two parts for a long time. People of common history and traditions had other political systems, ideology, educational priorities, and so on. People lived other lives. Some people were living in wealth, others in poverty. But they had common roots, were thinking about one another and had a desire to be together. It was a big happiness for both parts of Germany to be connected and finally live in one country. I know that West Germans still pay some taxes for the renovation of the Eastern part of the country. They are still helping each other. In 1991, I was impressed much by reports about the war in Iraqi. American television covered it in details, showing the bombing in real time. It shocked me deeply. People’s cruelty was enormous. Reflections: My father always told that news programs are not independent and are ruled by governance. Over the years, I have understood his words. I know the meaning and importance of independent mass media for the civil society. From that time, many things have changed. Nowadays, I can watch television and obtain true information about many events from all over the world. I can receive news from independent news programs which I can rely on. I think this is very important for me personally and all American people. At the same time, watching news I was afraid about the future. The President could be killed. There is no stability. Ordinary people are not safe. I had these thoughts at that time. When I was watching reports about mentioned events, I had thoughts about people’s destiny. As for Tiananmen Square, I have understood that Chinese people were struggling for things I already have from the birth – for freedom and democracy. There were people in American history who struggled for these things too. In its turn, the fall of Berlin Wall gave me the hope that the world will become better and barriers between people will break with time. Generalizations, principles and theories: Television shows that there is a huge need for security and stability in the society. This will help people to start valuing things they have. The freedom and democracy are among these things. The brotherhood is another. For me, the events in Beijing`s Tiananmen Square in 1989 was the destroy of everything. But the fall of Berlin Wall was the victory of democracy and freedom. Testing and application: Television has a great influence on the society. Television brings not only good but a lot of bad things to our homes. At the same time, TV news about cruel events taught me to respect the main American values – freedom and democracy. I am proud to be American and I am a patriot of my country. Characteristics of Genre Description of concrete experience: Television is a mixture of everything. Each person can find there what he/she is especially interested in. First time when television entered our family, we were watching a popular comedy series The Andy Griffin Show. It came to an end in 1968. From 1969 until 1971, all my family was watching The Bill Cosby Show. It was a situational comedy consisting two seasons. This comedy, which was about an average high school teacher, described real life situations and provided solutions to many problems. It was useful and really life learned. When I was a child, every morning my parents watched Good Morning America. There were much interesting information, news and many host guests. Usually, I had my breakfast at that time and it was accompanied by this show. Thus, it made my day and until the lunch I heard in my mind its main melody. Besides, my father liked westerns and talk shows very much, especially The Phil Donahue Show. My mother preferred soap operas that were shown daytime. The soap D ays of our Lives was her favourite one. As for me, being a child I enjoyed watching PBS Sesame Street, Scooby-Doo and The Flintstones. Muppets, animation, and games were widely used there. In 1970th, drama programs such as Charlie`s Angels, Columbo and Dallas were commonly watched and popular in America. Besides, television also offered Lou Grant, Little House on the Prairie, and Quincy. My family, neighbors and friends were regularly watching at least one of these programs. In my family, we usually watched Columbo and Dallas. Columbo was about a smart detective Lieutenant Columbo who had a specific way to investigate crimes. At first, the series described the crime and its commitment in detail. The main question was in the way of how a detective would find a murderer. In its turn, Dallas described a love story based on the plot of Romeo and Juliette. In the 1980th, I started watching series themes about the life of rich people. The whole America was watching Dynasty, Dallas and Rich and Famous. I was not an exception and watched Dynasty. This epic series theme showed the life and love of rich oil tycoon and his family. It was full of glamour, wealth and fashion. There were a lot of other interesting TV programs. Magnum P.I. show with Tom Selleck was telling me about important and hard work of American Police. The Oprah Winfrey Show was the source of information and new emotions for me. I liked Oprah. Her charism and charm gave me additional energy. In the 1990th, I watched Law Order and X-Files. Law Order had been popular for a long time. I have watched it from 1990 until 2010. Detectives, investigations, prosecution of the offenders – all of this made the series interesting and dynamic. Moreover, it was based on real cases. In its turn, X-Files was mysterious and unbelievable television series that was broadcasted on television from 1983 until 2002. Two FBI agents investigated abnormal events. The most intrigue thing here was the endlessness. With the problem solving, new questions arose and they were not answered fully. It gave additional charm to this television series. The Rosie O`Donnell Show made my evenings. In 2000, I started watching a television series Sopranos about a criminal Tony Soprano and his family. I am watching it until now. In the 1990th, I saw a reality television show for the first time. It was The Real World by MTV. This long series show was something new on television. I was surprised to watch people`s ordinary life in real time. Reflections: As a child, from Sesame Street I eagerly learned a lot of information that is valuable for a child. Scooby-Doo and The Flintstones were so funny and fascinating that I could not leave my place until the final scenes were shown. Later, Columbo was interesting for me because while watching it I could develop my logical thinking and intelligence. A great number of psychological aspects of human behavior, various puzzles and tasks for solving gave my brain additional stimuli for active work. From Dynasty, I have learned new things about the life other than mine and that I could hardly ever have. It was interesting to look at these people, see their luxurious things, dresses and houses. When watching Dynasty, I was thinking about people. The main discovery for me was the fact that people are the same in their wishes, attitudes and desires disregarding their status. Everybody needs such things as love, friendship, and kindness. From Law Order I learned a lot about police work and various aspects of detectives’ life. While watching Sopranos, I was thinking about the difficulties in life. Despite Soprano is a criminal, he is always between the two worlds – his home and his criminal activity. Generalizations, principles and theories: Programs for children shown on television develop a young person in the process of entertainment. Programs for adults make people think about some vital issues. In television shows, a lot of controversial and topical themes are discussed. It allows a person to form his/her own opinion on the topic. As for me, I generalized the following conclusions. No wealth could automatically give happiness to a person. The American Dream can be achieved by everybody. The main thing is to study and work hard. At the same time, there are always moral dilemmas in life how to act and what to choose. Every person faces these dilemmas. From television series I learned that there are no right or wrong things for anybody. There is moral choice of a definite person. Testing and application: During my life, I used lessons learned from television. I try to be tolerant and show love and kindness. I understand that no wealth can bring happiness and I try to be good person in any situation. Effect of Corporate Ownership on Trends in the Medium Description of concrete experience: When I was a child, I was influenced much by the governmental ban on cigarettes advertisement on television and radio. My mother supported it. She did not smoke and thought that such advertisement promotes nicotine addiction and influences a lot of young people. My mother did not want to see me smoking. This situation and my mother’s words about it made me think that smoking was a bad thing. From that time, I do not smoke. By the end of the 1970th, the cable television has entered our home. Cable television proposed new interesting channels on various themes. After the domination of only three networks, the introduction of a new one seemed like a mystery. It changed a lot in the industry. People obtained new opportunities to develop and were given a range of channels to choose from. For instance, as a child I liked Nickelodeon. It was oriented on children and young people as I was. Nickelodeon proposed a lot of animation, movies and shows for people of my age. Many new cable networks were introduced to American people in the 1980th. As I was young and curious, I preferred Music Television, Discovery Channel and Arts Entertainment. Later, I have discovered for myself The History Channel. All my life I was interested in history, and this channel was especially valuable for me. I watched programs about ancient times, middle ages, and modern history. I learned a lot about people’s life in different countries in other time periods. I was interested in things related to the First and Second World Wars that influenced much a world order and were connected almost with every country in the civil world. Reflections: In my opinion, my mother was right saying that smoking is bad. The governmental decision to ban cigarettes’ advertisement was a good decision for the society. As for additional channels, I was happy about it. For instance, while watching Nickelodeon, I was happy to see the same young people as I was, listen to discussions on questions and problems which I was thinking about. Moreover, there were a lot of jokes and funny things in the scenes. Thus, this channel taught me a lot about things topical for me. I found a lot of useful information and answers to various questions that I hardly could ask my parents. Music channel gave me additional energy, I liked to sing and dance while watching it. Discovery channel gave me a lot of new interesting information about various sides of life – from bacteria to universe. The Arts Entertainment helped me to be in a good mood and gave me positive emotions. These things were important for me. I learned to live and be happy in life. From The History Channel, I learned about traditions, culture and behaviors of various nations. I have obtained much useful information. Generalizations, principles and theories: I have learned that television has a great influence on people, their minds, habits and attitudes. Corporate ownership plays its own role. It can use television as a means for achieving goals, like in the case with a ban of cigarettes’ advertisement. Government banned it. It was good for people, but bad for big corporations. Simultaneously, the development of television led to the introduction of new cable networks that was a good thing for both people and corporations. Testing and application: Ban of cigarettes prevented many young people from smoking. For instance, due to such bans, I am not smoking. The variety of television channels helps me in real life, including cases of communication with people of others nationalities and religions. Influence of the Medium on a Particular Culture Description of concrete experience: During my life, I was always impressed by talents shows that were offered by various TV channels. There were shows like Showtime at the Apollo, Solid Gold, and others. I think these TV shows influence the American culture to a great extent. In such shows, Americans were dancing, singing and doing many other tremendous things. I am waiting for every season of America`s Got Talent, worrying about participants and following the course of the competitions. In 2014, I was for Mat Franco. I was happy when this talented person had won a competition. In 2015, the winner of 10th season Paul Zerdin also won honestly and fairly. Among others, series themes have a huge influence on culture. For instance, such series as Sex and the City boomed America. This series was cult for many American women including me. The story about four middle age women turned my world. It was the first time that the television described the life of adult women, their problems and desires. Many topical themes were also discussed in this project. This series theme dictated people the fashion and the way of living in the society. My children watched series Friends and Beverly Hills 90210. Despite the fact that I was an adult, I also liked it very much. It showed young people`s everyday life. They were solving problems and living a life with humor and ease. It was useful series for my children because everyday problems and situations of youth were discussed there. Besides, I watched Murphy Brown, the television comedy about life and the creation of the television series. I liked the main character Murphy Brown, a smart and talented fem ale reporter. Many people wanted to be like her. News and talk shows also have huge influence on culture. For instance, these days I have been watching The Tonight Show. Many interesting themes are discussed there. I am listening to different opinions and forming my own point of view regarding the main topics. Reflections: The number of talented Americans impressed me the most. While walking through the streets, sitting in restaurants and living an ordinary life I have never thought that there are so many talented people around me. Earlier while communicating with them I looked only at their appearance but not their internal side. These talents shows push me to think more about it and try to something good and exceptional in everyone. Generalizations, principles and theories: Television has a huge influence on culture. It dictates fashion, the way of dressing and behavior. To a great extent, popular culture is made by television. Due to television, I know that each person is genius. From that time I think that each person is talented in one or another field of activity. The most important thing is the ability to discern and estimate it. Testing and application: I know that many things I am doing I do in a way television has showed me. It concerns many things in my life including dressing and behaving in the society. Due to talents shows, I acquired a different attitude to people around. I started looking for something good and interesting in everybody. Influence of a Particular Culture on the Medium Description of concrete experience: In 1976, it was the first time that I saw a woman in news program. It was Barbara Walters who was the co-anchor in evening news on ABC channel. It was discussed much. In the evening, my family watched the comedy All in the Family. It was shown in the prime time, and all my family were sitting, laughing and discussing it. A lot of controversial questions were raised in the comedy. Relationships in the ordinary American family, between Archie Bunker, Edith, Mike Stivic and others, were diverse and complicated. Situations, problems and their solutions were different. Themes were topical. All in the Family showed social inequality in the society. In 1977, we watched Roots. It was miniseries about the life of African-American family. Race relationships, sex, romantic relations, violence and many other things were discussed there. It was topical for that time. Besides, from 1984 my Thursday evenings were accompanied by Cosby Show. This show was about an African-American family of the upper -middle-class. I liked the soundtrack to it very much. It was almost like jazz. A lot of humor and real family situations made this show interesting and easy. The main issue of the show was the fact that it raised themes of inequality in America. Reflections: For me to see a woman as a co-anchor was not so crucial, but I had a real feeling that the priorities in the society are changing. The power of men was shacked, and women began to declare their rights. As for All in the Family, in this series social inequality in the society was also showed. I was a child and did not understand the question on the whole, but I still have in my mind the main things. It is about the injustice and cruelty of inequality. This issue should be eradicated from life. At the same time, while watching The Cosby Show, I learned that disregarding the race or other matters Americans can achieve certain status in the society, have good profession and be equal. Generalizations, principles and theories: The Movement for Woman Rights, as well as African-American Civil Rights Movement had a considerable impact on television. That is the case when television was influenced by culture, began to count with it and offer connected programs and materials to people. It helped to break the inequality barrier in the country. Testing and application: I saw many controversial things in my real life and could not find right answers for my questions. But civil movements changed the American culture and influenced television as well. In its turn, television gave me necessary answers and taught me to be tolerant and understanding.

Certain groups in society are more crime prone than others. Critically Essay

Certain groups in society are more crime prone than others. Critically discuss how social inequality might contribute to crime amongst these populations - Essay Example Social inequality should obviously contribute to the crime ranking. However, it is important to understand in what way it affects the society and groups. There exist two major approaches to the reasons making people commit a crime. Both of them are based on the concept of human nature. We all are supposed to be born with ‘inherent potentials and abilities’ that ‘interact with environmental influences to produce behaviour, some of which is considered criminal’ (Wiebe 2004). Why do some people violate the norms and laws of the society? What is more responsible for the anti-social behaviour – external, objective circumstances or our in-born inclinations? The XIX-XX centuries are notable for paying extreme attention to environment as the major shaper of an individual’s behaviour, sometimes even ignoring predispositions. These views must have spread due to socialists’ ideology. Radical environmentalism treats human nature as one consisting of "vague and consequently plastic predispositions" that constitute "the indeterminate material that the social factor melds and forms" (Durkheim, 1895/1962, pp. 105-106, In Wiebe 2004). Another radical wing of scientists keeps to the theories based on classical view of human nature, concepts developed by Hobbes and his contemporaries. The human is seen as a creature seeking ‘immediate gratification of selfish desires’ ready to ‘commit crimes in pursuit of this gratification’, which occurs ‘at the expense of the legitimate rights of others, undermining group interests’. In order to defend its interests the group may either teach its members self-control or simply limit opportunities to satisfy impulses (In Wiebe 2004). Besides, these two theories, there exist a variety of others. Strain theory teaches that people commit crime when they are blocked from their legitimate opportunities to attain the desirable goals, which are determined by the dominant culture.

Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Innovation - Essay Example However, it is one thing to require a certain technology and another to implement it in an organisation. Introduction of new technologies is quite challenging for managers irrespective of the size of an organisation. New technologies require the management to arrange for extensive training, which results in resistance from some quarters. As a manager one will be required to first understand how to manage change since the process is stressful and, most often than not, change creates tension in the workplace (Rogers, 2003). This paper aims at using technological determinism to inform a manager when introducing surveillance technology in the workplace. Attitude is a critical aspect in the introduction of any kind of technology in the workplace. Employers nowadays are heavily relying on workplace surveillance technologies to assess various issues. Surveillance in this context will include, but not limited to, video monitoring, tracking as well as phone and computer use. Introduction of any technology in the workplace results into some form of transition. It is, therefore, critical for a manager to consult employees through one-on-one interactions or a survey depending on the size of the organisation. Consultations aim at pinpointing problematic areas and concerns which ultimately eases transition to the new technology. In the process of consultations, it is essential for the management to clearly elaborate on the positive differences that the new technology will bring not only to the employees but also the organisation at large (Bijker and Law, 1995). It is, nevertheless, vital to consider the human factor before launching of this surveillance technology. The society, and in this case the employees, will always have certain expectations from this new technology. Employees have previously worked without this new technology and hence need assurances

What leadership means to me

What leadership means to me 1. Introduction Although leadership is recognised as being an important construct, it is not a concept that holds one single definition. What leadership actually is, or how to define it correctly is still regarded as a mystery by many. Leadership is something that may differ depending on the people involved, the situation at hand, and the goals being pursued, and is therefore open to subjective interpretation. Stogdill (1974: 259) concluded that there are ‘almost as many definitions of leadership as there are persons who have attempted to define the concept. It could be argued that everyone has their own understanding of what constitutes leadership, based on personal and learning experiences, and situations and people, which is exactly why it is difficult to capture in a succinct definition. Grint (2004) narrows down the key reasons as to why it is so difficult to find a single and agreed understanding of leadership: process problems, position problems, philosophy problems, and purity problems . These problems refer to whether leadership is derived from traits or a social process, whether a leader is automatically in charge with formally allocated authority, and the questions as to whether a leader has intentional influence on the behaviour of followers, and is leadership embodied in individuals or groups and is it a purely human phenomenon. This essay seeks to explore what leadership means to me, drawing on personal experience of leadership as a social phenomenon, and discussing my views from the perspective of both a leader and follower. In order to make sense of my understanding of leadership, a critical review and commentary on leadership theory is included in the discussion. 2. Personal Experience of Leadership Within the Workplace For the past five years I have had a part time job at Marks and Spencer, and thus come across many types of leaders and managers. The question often asked is whether a manager can automatically be assumed to also be a leader? Zalenznik (1977) was one of the first to contrast leadership and management as he argued that a leader uses creativity and intuition, whereas a manager solves problems using rationality and control. Since then, many academics have agreed and argued that ‘good management brings about a degree of order and consistency to organisational processes and goals, whilst leadership is required for dynamic change (Kotter 1990: 104 cited in Bolden 2004: 6). In an organisation such as Marks and Spencer then, it is essential that they have both good management, who offer stability, consistency, order and efficiency, and good leaders who produce important change by keeping employees focused and motivated to achieve the vision communicated. In my workplace, I would say we have good ‘managers based on the above assumptions, however, I would not say that every manager is also a good leader. For this reason I agree with Kotter and Zalenznik, leadership and management differ from one another substantially. In the workplace context I am a follower, and so from this perspective I have seen what I would consider to be good leadership, and poor leadership styles. The authors who have focused on followers suggest that they are active participants in the leadership relationship (Boccialetti, 1995; Chaleff, 1995; Kelley, 1992; Shamir, Pillai, Bligh, Uhl-Bien, 2007). The socially constructed view sees leadership as being ‘in the eye of the beholder where it is the followers who have to agree on what constitutes leadership, and who they are prepared to follow. If the followers, and in my personal situation fellow employees, do not respect the leader, it is unlikely they will follow at all. Unless followers recognise and orient to particular behaviours, which they regard to be ‘leadership, then the person trying to lead is not a leader whatever their intentions. There is therefore no way for an individual to lead unless people are prepared to follow. There have been many instances at work when one particular manager has tried to lead change in the store, however because she is not well respected, and in my opinion does not come across as being a natural leader, often her vision gets ignored until another manager provides instructions for staff about the same vision. This manager is viewed by employees as having the role of simply instilling discipline, completing administrative tasks, and organising the shop floor, rather than communicating visions for change. Furthermore, although I believe that the roles of managers and leaders are very different, in my job there are no visible ‘leaders who are not managers in my store. The management team automatically take on the role of leadership, regardless of whether they are a good leader or not. As it is therefore management who attempt to provide the visions and plans for change, and employe es like myself have no responsibility or say in the directions they wish to take. Uhl-Bien and Pillai (2007) argue that followers who perceive the leader as responsible for making decisions are less likely to take an active role in the decision making process, and so, they give up autonomy. Many of my fellow employees, who often do not enjoy the job, also expect the leader, in this instance our manager, to motivate them rather than motivating themselves. The managers recognise this and often offer incentives, such as a bottle of wine, if we achieve certain targets. This could therefore be considered to be transactional leadership. A typical way of describing leadership styles within the organisation is applying McGregors (1969) theory X and theory Y. McGregor assumes that an organisation and its leaders can have differing opinions on the motivation and abilities of their employees. My line manager presumes that her staff dislikes working and takes a negative view of human nature, believing we will avoid doing work if possible. This is evident, as she will often split employees up on the shop floor to prevent them from ‘chatting, and she constantly checks up on her staff to ensure they are doing what she has asked them to do. Her actions and leadership style concur with what McGregor describes as theory X leaders. My manager believes that coercion and control is necessary to ensure that people work, and she never gives employees like myself any extra responsibilities. This style is also referred to as the autocratic style. Although my manager is assumed to be the leader at work, I would argue that she is not a good leader, and there have been times when I have had better guidance from a fellow colleague. My manager has a coercive style according to Golemans six leadership styles. She expects immediate compliance, often provides negative and corrective feedback and controls tightly. This style does not motivate employees to see her visions or follow her lead, instead it has often turned employees against her and people have refused to do certain tasks because of her leadership style. 3. Myself as a Leader Badminton Coach and Captain From a young age I have been told that I am a natural leader, possibly because I am bossy and like to get things done! Ever since I remember I have had certain personality traits, which I consider to be those of leaders: I am confident, ambitious, dominant, and so naturally take the lead in most situations. Based on what I have learnt from leaders I have come across, when leading my badminton team I keep in mind what styles I believe will be most successful. I consider myself to be a transformational leader (Bass and Avolio 1994) when in the role of badminton captain. As a leader I believe it is important for me to have a clear vision, and most importantly, be able to communicate it effectively to the whole team. Unlike the traditional transactional theory of leadership, which emphasizes corrective action, centralised control and rewards only when performance expectations are met, transformational leaders trust their subordinates and it is a more developmental and constructive form of leadership. In a sports team context it is also important for me to articulate our teams goals, which should be realistic and achievable. For example, before entering a tournament I will state where I expect us to finish, and that the vision is to win a gold medal. In order to achieve this goal I also have to motivate the team, and make sure they put the team and tournament at the top of their priority list, above any other self-interests at that time. Addi tionally I have to get the team members to understand how their style of play affects others, therefore encouraging them to view their game from others perspectives. And finally I have to develop the team in many ways, both physically to prepare them for a big tournament, and mentally so they reach their highest levels of ability. It could therefore be argued, that as a leader I follow what Bass and Avolio (1990) call the ‘four Is: Idealised Influence, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, and Individualised Consideration. As a person I have previously been told that I am very charismatic. I think this also shows in my leadership style and I think I am also a charismatic leader. Northouse (2004) described the major characteristics as: dominant personally with the desire to influence others, strong role model behaviour and competence, articulation of ideological goals with moral overtones, and high expectation of followers and confidence that they will meet these expectations. Although I believe I have the personality traits required to become a leader, I am aware that there have been occasions when my leadership styles have been unsuccessful, as I have become impatient or intolerant of the followers. From these experiences I believe I have learnt a lot and therefore also see the importance of situational leadership and having the ability to alter the leadership styles I adopt. 4. Could Parents be considered to be Leaders? When considering leaders and leadership, and what it means to me, I thought about what my first experience of leadership ever was. Although leadership in an organisation is the key focus of the module and course, it cannot go ignored that my parents were the first influential leaders in my life. My parents have been very influential leaders in my life. As managing directors of their own company, they have always played the role of managers, however in our home their leadership style varied to that of in their work place, and to the styles of each other. My parents have ‘led me in the right direction. Unlike the traditional theories of leadership such as The Great Man Theory I would argue that my mum is the strongest leader in our home. It has been argued that women are more likely to use transformational leadership (Rosener 1990), and as the follower, this is the style I find motivational, inspirational and therefore successful. She uses more interactive leadership styles in co mparison to my dad as she encourages participation, power and information sharing and enhanced self worth. Although the leadership styles of parents are arguably very different to those of leaders within an organisation, my parents and their styles have had a massive influence on my understanding of leadership and on my whole life! They have led me to where I am today. I have been extremely lucky to be able to experience their leadership styles whilst running their company, therefore within an organisation. In this situation they both use different methods of leading than they do at home, thus supporting Hersey and Blanchards (1969) theory that leaders could adapt their styles to suit the situation. Situational or contingent leadership models recognise this, and support the argument that what constitutes effective leadership will be influenced by the situational factors such as the people involved, the task to be carried out, and the organisational culture. It is therefore essential that leaders employ a variety of approaches across a range of situations. 5. Conclusion From taking the time to consider what leadership means to me, it has only become more apparent about how complex the concept of leadership actually is. I believe ‘leadership is different to different people. Whom I consider to be an effective leader, others may not, and what I consider to be traits that create a successful leader, others may not. Leadership to me is something that comes naturally, however in different situations, there needs to be different forms of leadership in order for your followers to ‘follow. Although there have been many studies on leadership, and many theories produced, I agree with Burns statement that ‘leadership is one of the most observed and least understood phenomena on earth. (Burns, 1978: 3) 5.1 My theoretical understanding of leadership I have found it difficult to truly understand and specify my theoretical stance of leadership. Generally speaking, it is assumed that a person either believes that leadership is a consequence of a set of traits or characteristics possessed by leaders, or that leadership is a social process that emerges and is learned throughout life and from group relationships. I, on the other hand, believe there is truth in both approaches. I would argue that some people are simply born leaders due to their dispositions and personalities, however they also need to learn and understand how to use these traits to become a successful leader, hence leadership capability must also be partly learned. I have this opinion because of my experiences. I often become the leader in group task situations, at university for example, and although I know it often comes naturally to me, I have had to learn how to use my leadership trait effectively in order to succeed and lead the followers. I agree with Gallies sta tement that ‘Leadership appears to be, like power, an essentially contested concept (Gallie 1995 cited in Grint 2004: 1). Furthermore, I have the same opinion of the situational leadership approach due to personal experiences with leaders, and as a leader myself. Zaccaro (2007), Sternberg (2007), and Vroom and Jago (2007) argue that neither trait nor situational attributes alone are sufficient to explain leader behaviour and effectiveness. It is the interaction between traits and situations that counts.

Fast Food Essay

College students do not have much time to make their own meals on a regular basis because they are busy with work and school. In lieu of home cooked meals, fast food is the number one choice that comes to mind. Fast food is quick, taste pretty delicious, and is inexpensive for the average college student. In many cases, there is a wider variety of fast food places in radius of the school campus to choose from. Even college students can always find what they are searching for in reasonable situations. When there is not enough time to go to the supermarket and buy the essential groceries needed to make a home cooked meal, there is always the quickest solution of going to a fast food place. Here, an employee will make what is desired with little to no wait. Any college student can run in, order what they want, and be back out with their food in hand and still be able to do everything on their agenda without being rushed. Drive through is also always available to those who do not want to enter the facility and for those who own a vehicle. What is even better about fast food is the fact that many places allow to put in a future order. Then there would be no wait for the food that was ordered. No one wants to eat food that does not appeal to their taste buds. Not even the college students whose diet consists of junk food. Students want something that taste delicious when they are eating it. Luckily, there is almost every kind of fast food joint that will appeal to one person or another. Fast food tastes extremely good because it is food that is not usually eaten on a day to day schedule. The taste of fast food will make any student fulfilled with it’s appetizing selections. Money, no matter what day and age, will always be a concern and with the option of buying fast food, it does not have to be a worry. Fast food is not at all expensive to the everyday college student. For seven dollars, a student can have a sandwich, a side, and unlimited fountain drinks. Many facilities have a â€Å"value† or â€Å"dollar† menu where food can be bought for even cheaper than what is seen on the regular, full-priced menu. If seven dollars were to be an issue, a student could get two hamburgers and a small drink for three dollars plus tax. They would still get unlimited refills plus an extra three dollars and change in their pocket. With the money left over, they could go the next day and buy the same thing as the day prior.  Whether it is french fries or a side salad, fast food places give the average student such a wide variety to choose from.

Montessori method of education Essay

Dr. Maria Montessori is the founder of the Montessori method of education. She started her first classroom â€Å"Casa dei Bambini† or Children’s House in 1907. Montessori method of education stresses the importance of respecting children – â€Å"Help me to help myself†. Montessori education celebrates its 100th year in 2007. The goals of a Montessori education were to develop sensory training, language acquisition, arithmetic, physical education, practical life skills and abstract thought through the teaching of the whole child and the integration of the family into the early education system. Montessori began her educational experiences by working with special needs children. At the time of Montessori, special needs children were thought of as a â€Å"lost cause†. They could not learn how to become members of society because intelligence was fixed. She strongly opposed to the perceptions on cognitive abilities of these children at the time, and believed that they could learn how to become members of society through special teaching techniques that utilized sensory education and hands-on experience. Her aim was to teach children academics through practical life experiences and to â€Å"†¦to develop the whole personality of the child through motor, sensory, and intellectual activity† (Hainstock, 1997, 35). Montessori – The Montessori classroom is a meticulously prepared environment designed specifically to meet the needs of the child both physically and emotionally. One aspect of the prepared environment includes the Practical Life activities. Many Practical Life activities are tasks the child sees routinely performed in the home. They each serve a meaningful purpose as the child masters each piece of work such as tying shoes, pouring water, sweeping, or sewing and cooking. Through Practical Life activities, a child will also develop and refine social skills. These skills developed through Practical Life build self-esteem, determination and independence. The student learns to take care of him and the surrounding environment. Maria Montessori explains in, The Discovery of the Child, â€Å"Through practical life exercises of this sort the children develop a true  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœsocial feeling,’ for they are working in the environment of the community in which they live† (5, pg. 97). Additionally, fine motor skills are improved through use of the Practical Life materials. Through repeated tasks which enable a child to refine concentration, coordination, independence, and order, a child’s sense of self-worth grows. The Practical Life skills are an essential component in the Montessori classroom. Not only do they provide a link between home and school for the new Montessori student, but they provide a foundation for life-long love of While appearing quite simple and repetitive, Practical Life activities are highly purposeful. A child engaged in such activities demonstrates high levels of concentration, sense of order, and refinement of fine motor skills. Also, they show a sense of independence through caring for oneself and the environment. Furthermore, they show respect for classmates and teachers and develop a sense of pride. Not only are these skills and qualities necessary to progress in the Montessori classroom, but they are also needed as an individual develops into adulthood. Practical Life activities can be divided into six main categories. First, are Preliminary Exercises which assist in creating routine and order in the environment and are prerequisites for other activities. How to a roll a mat, carry a chair, or how to open and close a door are examples of Preliminary Exercises. Practical life exercises also include Fundamental Skills such as pouring, spooning, or tonging. As with all lessons in the Montessori classroom, these activities follow a sequential order and ideally, each lesson builds upon the last. Another category is Care of Self. Activities such as washing hands, buttoning, or tying shoelaces assist the child to become physically independent. Care of Environment is another category involving activities such as sweeping, watering, cleaning, etc. Control of Movement is an area of Practical Life which encompasses lessons such as walking the Line and the Silence Game. Additionally, social Grace and Courtesy lessons are introduced to the child. These may include lessons on how to say please and thank you, interrupting someone, or introducing friends and acquaintances. Montessori stressed the relationship of these exercises to the general happiness and well being of the child. â€Å"A child who becomes a master of his acts through long and repeated exercises [of  practical life], and who has been encouraged by the pleasant and interesting activities in which he has been engaged, is a child filled with health and joy and remarkable for his calmness and discipline† (The Discovery the Child, 5, pg. 93). Varying types of presentations can be used by the teacher to introduce Practical Life activities. First is a collective introduction given the children at once. This could include proper table manners, how to interrupt someone, how to speak with an inside voice, or how to turn the page of a book. Another method is a group presentation given to a small gathering of children. The last method of introduction is Individual, given only to one child at a time. Montessori believed the prepared environment is directly correlated to the child’s development. The classroom is a specifically designed area arranged solely for the children. There should be a variety of movement and activity and all work operates together through the disciplines. Montessori also believed in the importance of aesthetically pleasing classrooms. Children respond well to beauty, order, and quality in their environment. Through the Practical Life activities in the Montessori classroom, a child not only learns concentration, coordination, independence and order, but also how to interact with others and gain an understanding and appreciation of the environment. The child begins to build himself from within while learning to treat him and others with respect and dignity. These understandings ultimately prepare the child for entry into society and a lifetime of self-respect and self-worthiness. Practical Life activities in the Montessori classroom ultimately provide the foundation for success in all areas of life. Movement – Montessori said- â€Å"one of the greatest mistakes of our day is to think of movement by itself, as something apart from the higher functions†(The absorbent mind, pg 151) – it is not equally clear as to how scientists and teachers have failed to note the supreme importance of activity in the  building up of the man to man be! It was during the time of Dr Maria Montessori who felt it was time to emphasize more on â€Å"movement† in educational theory – Mental development must be connected with movement. Like man’s nervous system is divided into three parts- Brain Sense organs- collect impression and pass them to the brain Muscles – the nerves transmits nervous energy to the muscles and this energy controls the movements of the muscles. Movement is the final result to which the working of all these delicate mechanisms leads up and it is because of movement that personality can express itself(The absorbent mind, pg 148)! The great philosophers must use speech or writing to convey his ideas and this involves muscular movement. What would be the value of his thoughts if he gave them no expression? This he can only do by making use of his muscles. Psychologists regard the muscles as a part of the central nervous system (works as a whole to put man in relation with his surroundings) and this whole apparatus of Brain ,Senses and Muscles is called – the system of relationship- it puts man in touch with his world (living or non living and with other people) and without its help a man could have no contact with his surroundings or his fellows. The vegetative systems only help their owner to grow and exist. It is the system of relationship which puts him into contact with the world! There is nothing in the world which plays no part in the universal economy, and if we are endowed with spiritual riches, with aesthetic feelings and a refined conscience, it is not for ourselves, but so that these gifts shall be used for the benefit of all, and take their place in the universal economy of spiritual life. Nature has given us many abilities and these must be developed and used. We know that for the enjoyment of good health, heart, lungs and stomache must all work together. We must apply the same rule to the system of relationship, the central nervous system†¦..if we have a brain, sense organs and muscles, all these must cooperate. The system must exert itself in all its parts, none of them being neglected for example we want to excel in brain power but to succeed in this we must include the other sides too. To perfect any giv en activity â€Å"movement† will be needed as the last stage of the cycle. In other words a higher spirituality can be reached only through action and this is the point  of view from which movement has to be judged. one of the greatest mistakes of our day is to think of movement by itself, as something apart from the higher functions, we think of our muscles as organs to be used only for health purposes. We â€Å"take exercise† or do â€Å"gymnastics† to keep ourselves fit, to make us breathe or to eat or sleep better. It is an error which has been taken over by the schools .It is just as though a great prince were being made the servant of the shepherd. The prince – the muscular system –is only being used to help the vegetative life. Such assumptions will lead to enquiry†¦there comes about a separation between the life of movement and the life of thought. Since the child has a body and mind both, games must be included in the curriculum so as to avoid neglecting any part of nature’s provision. To keep thinking abou t the mind on one hand and the body on other hand is to break the continuity that should reign between them. This keeps action away from thought. The true purpose of movement is to serve the ends of existence – that is the development of the mind(The absorbent mind, pg 151). All movement has most intricate and delicate machinery, but in man none of it is established at birth. It has to be formed and perfected by the child’s activity in the world. Movement and activity are natural functions of childhood and learning comes through them .Activity becomes increasingly important to development. It is the movement that starts the intellect working†¦ Till now all educators have thought of movement and the muscular system as aids to respiration, or to circulation, or as a means of building up physical strengthen our new conception the view is taken that movement has great importance in mental development itself, provided that the action which occurs is connected with the mental activity going on. Both mental and spiritual growth are fostered by this, without which neither maximum progress nor maximum health (speaking of the mind) can exist. A child is a discoverer. He is an amorphous splendid being in search of his own form. For example in the development of speech, we see a growing power of understanding go side by side with an extended use of those muscles by which he forms sounds and words. Observations made on children – the world overconfirms that the child uses his movements to extend his understanding. Movement helps in development of mind and this finds renewed expression in further movement and activity(The absorbent mind, pg 154). The child gains experience through exercises and movement. He coordinates his own movement  and records the emotions he experiences in coming into contact with the external world. The importance of physical activity or movement in a psychic development should be emphasized. The child has an internal power to bring about cordinations, which he creates himself, and once these have begun to exist he goes on perfecting them by practice. He himself is clearly one of the principal creative factors in thei r production. The movements the child acquires are not chosen haphazardly but are fixed. In the sense that each proceeds out of a particular period of development. When the child begins to move, his mind being able to absorb, has already taken in his surroundings. He Is directed by a mysterious power, great and wonderful that he incarnates little by little. In this way, he becomes a man. He does it with his hands, by experience, first in play then through work. The hands are the instruments of man’s intelligence. He constructs his mind step by step till it becomes possessed of memory, the power to understand and the ability to think. â€Å"The child’s mind can acquire culture at a much earlier age than is generally supposed, but his way of taking in knowledge is by certain kinds of activity which involves movement†¦.†(Montessori notes) It is very interesting to study the mechanical development of movement, not only because of its intricacy but because each of the phases it passes through is clearly visible. Man’s foot can be studied from three points of view: the psysiological, the biological and the anatomical and all of them are most interesting. The hand is in direct connection with the man’s soul, but also with different ways of life that men have adopted on the earth in different places and at different times. The skills of man’s hand are bound up with the development of his mind, and in the light of history we see it connected with the development of civilization. The hands of man express his thought and from the time of his first appearance upon the earth traces of his handiwork also appear in the records of history. Hence, the development of manual skill keeps pace with mental development. We are told that St. Francis of Assisi – perhaps the simplest and purest of human souls used to say – â€Å"Look at these great hills! They are the walls of our temple and the aspiration of our hearts!†(The absorbent mind, pg 163) The truth is that when a free spirit exists, it has to materialize itself in some form of work and for this hands are needed. (The absorbent mind, pg 163) The hand are connected with mental life, allows the mind to reveal itself and enables the  whole being to enter into special relationship with its environment. His hands under the guidance of his intellect transform this environment and thus enable him to fulfill his mission in the world. The education of the movements is very complex, as it must correspond to all coordinated movements which the child has to establish in his physiological organism. The child if left without guidance is disorderly in his movements and these disorderly movements are the special characteristics of the little child. The child is seeking the exercises in these movements which will organize and coordinate the movements that are useful to a man. The child follows direction/instructions and if his movements are made a little definite then the child grows quiet and contended and becomes an active worker, a being calm and full of joy. This education of movements is one of the principal factors in producing t hat outward appearance of â€Å"discipline† to be found in the â€Å"children’s house†.(Montessori notes) Importance of movement:- Movement leads to: Muscle development, both fine and gross – need freedom for movement to take place Stimulates the mind Stimulates the senses Develops concentration Develops independence Develops confidence (through agility/balance and co-ordination) Develops discipline and will Develops language Leads to normalization Results in a healthy body and mind Emotional and intellectual development through movement:- Emotions are the affecting mental stages, organized by external ideas of situations and always act while accompanied by bodily and mental excitement. However, when we talk about emotional development in children, we find that children show a wide range of emotional reactions. Sometimes they are excited and exuberant and at other times they are depressed and sullen and some other time they are just angry, throwing tantrums. We find various shades of emotions in them even at an early age. The word emotion originates  from the Latin word â€Å" Emovere† which means to be excited. So, an emotion implies that state of mind which excites a person when man is influenced by emotion he gets excited and his natural state of equilibrium is lost. Pattern of emotional development – if we have to understand the emotions of a child of school age, it is essential to take into consideration his emotional development during the early years. Sometimes, newly born infants behave as though they are violently aroused. If such vigorous behavior means the intensity of his feelings, then we must conclude that emotional experiences can be as intense during this early period as at any later stage of growth. Again we see that a new born child is relatively unresponsive to many stimuli which are likely to arouse him in later stages. Children are capable of rich and varied emotional experiences in the course of their development till they are adults. Children from birth to 2 years go through a variety of emotions and goes through many emotional experiences that may influence his attitude towards life. Studies show that at birth there are general excitements mostly concerning his hunger and comforts, after 2-3 months the child shows definite signs of distress along with delight. By 6 months with his exposure of different kinds of stimuli the child starts showing other shades of emotions like distress or discomforts develops into fear, disgust and anger. With the satisfaction of his needs he feels delighted and by the time child completes one year this delight differentiates itself from affection. the child recognizes emotions in others and responds to it clearly. But his emotions are not so strong as regard to joy and happiness when he turns one as they are at the age of 2.Therefore we conclude that by the end of 2nd year the child has already developed various emotions and feelings. Factors affecting emotional development – There are many factors that affect the emotional development among children, the major ones are – Fatigue – tired and exhausted child Ill health Order of birth Intelligence Environment Parental attitudes The child’s emotions are still pure of contrasts. He loves because he takes in, because nature orders him to do so. And what he takes and absorbs to make it a part of his own life, so as to create his own being(The secret of childhood, pg 80). The child follows the grownups and the words of a grownup are supernatural stimuli. The child is enchanted and fascinated by his actions and words. What the grown up tells him remains engraved in his mind like words incised by a chisel on a stone. The adult should count and measure all his words before the child, for the child is hungry to take from him, he is an accumulator of love. The developing child not only acquires the faculties of man: strength, intelligence, language, but at the same time, he adapts the being he is constructing to the conditions of the world about him. The child has a different relation to his environment from ours. The things he sees are not just remembered; they form part of his soul. He incarnates in himself all in the world about him that his eyes see and his ears hear. In us the same things produce no change but a child is transformed by them. This vital kind of memory which absorbs is called â€Å" Mneme†. In this process of absorption, learning,acquiring,adapting the child is constructing not only physically but emotionally or psychic as well. The moment the child understands his environment he learns to work and adapt to it and then further wants to master in it which leads to modifications accordingly. In this complete process the following emotions are built; Self esteem Confidence Feeling of capability Sense of achievement Thus, children enjoy process not purpose! The distinct difference between man and animal – Montessori tends to adopt a different standpoint from many modern psychologists. Most of the psychologists place great emphasis upon the â€Å"inherited tendencies to behavior† which man has in common with animals. They maintain that everything we do is based on the instinctive urges of human act.Thus; the love of knowledge is but the sublimated instinct of curiosity. For Montessori, she believes that man differs from animal creation not only in degree but also in kind. She states that the most significant thing about  the child development is not instinctive tendencies that are in common with animals, but the capacity to reason which distinguishes us from them. Here, she is not trying to deny or belittle the significances of their findings, but she is saying that these elementary psychic forces are only a part of the question and a lesser part, her conviction is – â€Å"Animals have merely to awaken their instincts towards their specified behavior and their psychic life is limited to this. But in man there is other fact –the creation of human intelligence (Montessori, notes). Unlike man, one can predict the behavior of animals, whereas for man, what he will do in the future, no one can tell. â€Å"For man there is no limit†(Montessori notes). Man is a rational animal to be most â€Å"like to God† whose image we are made. Man alone possesses â€Å"that capable and god-like reason which enables us to do what no animals has ever achieved –i.e. to rise to a consciousness of our being i.e. self consciousness, to the knowledge that â€Å"I am I†. It is with this gift of reason or intellect as foundation that we are able to build our individual characters. How soon does a child begin to reason? According to Montessori, it begins as early as a baby where the child starts from nothing. Its reason revolves round his internal working like a little bud, developing and assuming concrete form from the images it absorbs from the environment. According to Montessori at her lecture in 1944, it was stated that the first year of a child’s life is the period where greatest psychic activity can develop by the human being. This is evident because we know that the brain is one thing that is active during the first y ear. That the reason why the head of a one year old has doubled in size since its born. At the third year, its brain is already half that of the adult- at four years eight –tenths of its ultimate size. Montessori further elaborated that it is during the first period that the human being grows principally in intelligence: the rest of its growth during this period, being subordinate to this developing psychic life. The three characteristics we can observe about a child during this period are – The child creates his own mind –Since intelligence is what distinguishes man from all other animals, the first characteristic is the creation of intelligence. As said before he first constructs himself by absorbing everything from the environment by his unconscious mind. With these multitudinous impressions, the child continues  to build his conscious intelligence. Montessori said ; to build up this conscious intelligence, the work of the hand plays an important and essential pa rt. The intelligence builds its own instrument –Second fact is while constructing his own intelligence he also begins to construct his own bodily instruments of expression. The child’s power of movement will develop in subordination to this superior aim i.e. of psychic development. Its activity will not be confined within the narrow limits of instinctive behavior, but will function as an instrument of a free moral agent. His eternal destiny is placed within his own hands. Marvelous adaptive powers of the child –The third characteristic of this period, are the marvelous adaptive power possessed by the child. Montessori illustrated this point by comparing man to animals. Example – if a cat is born in France, England or India, it would meow just the same way wherever it grows up. However for a child he will speak French in France, English in England and Hindi or any other dialect in India. This is because of its â€Å"inner construction†. Movement and mental assimilation leads to integration of personality – The child constructs himself through movement .The value of movement goes deeper that just helping in acquisition of knowledge. It involves the development of child’s personality -in 1st year baby establishes his physical his physical development through movement. He learns to use his limbs and whole body to carry out movements such as crawling, standing and walking and sometimes running. In the next few years he refines his gross motor skills through movement. He continues to develop his fine motor skills through activities that involve movements. As the child interacts with his environment, he absorbs the environment into his psychic life. Through repeated use of materials in the environment he learns to compare, discriminate, differentiate and judge the qualities of the materials. As the child gains experience through exercises and movements, he co-ordinates his own movement and records the emotions he experienced in coming into contact with the external world. He learns self help skills, taking and sharing. This is the social and emotional development of the child. It is also not sufficient to allow children to learn without giving him the opportunity to work or explore with the materials. When children work with the materials, it involves creative movement. When teaching children, it is not sufficient for them to hear the things which we wish him to learn. â€Å"We must give no more to eye & ear than we give to the hand†(Montessori notes) For example, in teaching children ,the idea of dimension, it is no good to show them a diagram of objects of various sizes, instead we need to provide children with concrete materials such as the knobbed cylinder, pink tower, brown stairs, long rods and knobbles cylinders. They must be given the opportunity to explore and experiment with the materials. This is so with all Montessori materials whether it is the four operations in arithmetic, parts of speech or learning of lands and water. It always involves movement. The child as an individual presents two aspects –the center and the periphery. The center is seen as the innermost citadel of the personality from which action proceeds .At this center the child increases his mental powers by seeking out sensation and movement which takes place at the second part of his personality i.e at the periphery. The periphery is that part of the child’s personality which comes in contact with the external world .It involves the senses, movements and the outward manifestations of his choice. Through continuous interaction of the center and the periphery, the mind of the child develops and expands. The directress should be concerned with the periphery as it is that part of the child that is accessible to her. The other methods of teaching aims at getting to the center directly. The teacher’s business is to feed the periphery. The teacher prepares the environment that meets the child’s inner needs and in his exploration of the materials, he abstracts ideas from them. As both center and periphery interacts, the child builds his mind. The objects in the environment cannot be chosen at random. Each material possesses an idea or concept to be realized, not to be announced by the teacher. At the child explore with the materials, this concept/idea become presented. In practice, we often find that even if the directress has prepared the  environment and presented the materials to the children, there do not seem to be a click of the center and the periphery. The child does not seem to be interested and his act seems to be in a disorderly manner. According to Montessori, the answer to this missing link is the â€Å"Point of Contact†. To explain this, Montessori used the example of teaching the appreciation of music. If the teacher tries to play music morning till night and children are allowed to move about to move about anyhow and anywhere in a disorderly manner, there is a lack of contact. To resolve this problem, the muscles, which move, should move in response to the musical rhythm thus establishing a psychic bridge between the soul of the child and the external reality of music. The moment the child understands that there exists the connection (i.e between the music and his movement), then the point of contact is established. So if the music changes its rhythm, then the child becomes aware of it and changes his movement accordingly, and he is on the road to perfect himself. This reality may be either material or spiritual; but movement must always accompany the child at any rate. Let’s look at an example to understand how the point of contact helps development. In their presenting of the sensorial materials, children were given new sounds, new shapes etc.The main purpose of it is not just bring new sounds, new shapes but to bring order into this new impression. The difficulty or the error that the child is to discover and understand must be isolated in a single piece of material. For example the long rods will present to the child only a variation in length and not in colour and design. Such isolation will help child focus on the problem more readily. It is through this method, that it leads the child to be interested in dimension, and develop him to observe them in the world around. Montessori calls her material â€Å"keys to the Universe† –it is important to constantly remember that it is through this point of contact limited and exactly but real work, helps the child to summon the mind to wonder at large in fantasy to something real which opens up a new pathway. With younger children, however, it was observed that the exercises in practical life will play an important part, but always the point of contact will be established through movement. An example was to get up from a chair and carry it from one place to another without any sound. The children would  be presented this concept of self perfection and would seek to do the same as it corresponds to his soul. Again, we see the truth of Montessori’s maxim that â€Å"education begins through movement†.